Channa striata, the striped snakehead, is a species of Channidae fish. It is also known as the common snakehead, chevron snakehead, or snakehead murrel and generally referred simply as mudfish. It is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia, and has been introduced to some Pacific Islands. Reports from Madagascar and Hawaii are misidentifications of C. maculata.[USGS, Southeast Ecological Science Center: Channa striata. Retrieved 27 June 2014.]
A Genetics study published in 2017 indicates that C. striata is a species complex.[Conte-Grand, C., Britz, R., Dahanukar, N., Raghavan, R., Pethi-yagoda, R., Tan, H.H., Hadiaty, R.K., Yaakob, N.S. & Rüber, L. (2017). Barcoding snakeheads (Teleostei, Channidae) re-visited: Discovering greater species diversity and resolving perpetuated taxonomic confusions. PLoS ONE, 12 (9): e0184017.]
Description
It is a bony fish with endoskeleton ribcage, grows up to a meter in length, though because of fishing, this size is rarely found in the wild. It has a widespread range covering southern
China,
Pakistan, most of
India, southern
Nepal,
Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka, and most of
Southeast Asia. It has more recently been introduced to the outermost parts of
Indonesia, the
Philippines, and
Mauritius. Reports beginning in the early 20th century that it was introduced into the wild in
Hawaii, particularly the island of
Oahu, as well as later reports from
Madagascar, are the result of misidentifications of
C. maculata.
[Walter R. Courtenay, Jr., James D. Williams, Ralf Britz, Mike N. Yamamoto, and Paul V. Loiselle. Bishop Occasional Papers, 2004. [2] Identity of Introduced Snakeheads (Pisces, Channidae) in Hawaii and Madagascar, with Comments on Ecological Concerns.] The only currently confirmed Hawaiian establishment of C. striata is on a commercial fish farming. Popular media and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service were perpetuating this apparent mistake as recently as 2002.[Akana-Gooch, Keiko Kiele. Hawaii snakehead lacks ferocity of mainland kin: A kinder, gentler fish, it poses no local threat to the environment. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 2002-07-28. Retrieved 2007-07-15.][ Federal Register: July 26, 2002 (Volume 67, Number 144) . Federal Register Online. 2002-07-26. Retrieved 2007-07-15.] Early- to mid-20th century reports and texts referring to its introduction in California appear to be the result of a misunderstanding.[Dill, William A., and Almo J. Cordone. Chevron snakehead, Channa striata (Bloch) History and status of introduced fishes in California, 1871-1996. Retrieved 2007-07-15.]
It is an important food fish in its entire native range, and is of considerable economic importance. Adults are dark brown in colour with faint black bands visible across its entire body. Males and females both help to construct a nest out of water vegetation during breeding time. Eggs are guarded by both parents. Fry are reddish orange and are guarded by both parents until they turn greenish brown at around 5–6 cm.
It is common in freshwater plains, where it migrates from rivers and lakes into flooded fields. Subsequently, it returns to permanent water bodies in the dry season, where it survives by burrowing in the mud.
It preys on frogs, water bugs, and smaller fish, and it will attack anything moving when breeding.
Local names
Common snakeheads are known as ngayan () in Burmese language; Nga-mu porom in Meitei language, xól/xol (শ’ল/শল) in Assamese, Garai (गरई) in North Indian Languages, saur (सौर) in Awadhi language,[ Fishing in Thailand ] gabus in Indonesia; haruan in Malaysia;
Culinary
A curry made with this fish and tapioca is a delicacy in Kerala. In Indonesia, common snakeheads are a popular type of Salt-cured meat fishes in Indonesian cuisine. In the Philippines, they are commonly served either fried, grilled, paksiw (poached in a water-vinegar mix), or with soup called pesa (commonly cooked with rice washing).
Dishes using this fish eaten with rice is very popular among Bengalis of West Bengal and Bangladesh. The fish is also an esteemed delicacy in other parts of India, including Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It is also the state fish of the South Indian state of Telangana where it is widely consumed.
Common snakeheads are very popular in Thai cuisine, where they are prepared in a variety of ways. Grilled fish is a common food item offered by street vendors or in kaeng som. Pla ra, a fermented fish sauce popular in northeastern Thai cuisine, is made by pickling common snakehead and keeping it for some time. Also, a Chinese sausage is prepared with common snakehead flesh in Thailand.[ Recipes]
In Burmese cuisine, Salt-cured meat striped snakhead ငါးရံ့ခြောက် is popular. Dried salted fish is then grilled ငါးရံ့ခြောက်ဖုတ် or cooked in curry dish. Another delicay dish popular in Lower Myanmar uses only intestines of striped snakhead in the curry instead of the flesh is known as ngayan au sibyan ငါးရံ့အူဆီပြန်.
According to traditional Chinese medicine theories, all Channa are helpful with wound healing, especially when boiled into soup,
Immune system
Worldwide inland fish culture industry is suffering from massive economic losses due to epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) and fish-based pathogens. The available literature indicate that infection from fish pathogens like bacteria ( Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria), fungi ( Aphanomyces invadans) and viruses can cause stunted growth and severe mortality in the C. striatus. Channa striatus rely on their innate immune components to fight against these infections. Some of the immune molecules that have been characterized in Channa striatus includes Chemokine, Chemokine receptors, Thioredoxin, Superoxide dismutase, Serine Protease, Cathepsin,
In culture
The Bathini Goud Brothers in Hyderabad, India, promote the swallowing of live murrel fish and herbs claimed as a treatment for asthma, although the high court ruled they cannot call it "medicine". They give it free to children on Mrigasira Nakshatra. No evidence indicates it is clinically effective, and children's rights campaigners have called for it to be banned.
External links
